Organic Electrolyte ke eng?

Organic electrolyte ke tharollo e tsamaisang moo metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e sebetsang e le mokelikeli oa letsoai le qhibilihileng. Li-electrolyte tsena li thusa ho tsamaisa aone lipakeng tsa li-electrode ka libeteri ka ho sebelisa carbon{1}e hlapollang e kang ethylene carbonate kapa dimethyl carbonate, ho e-na le metsi kapa lintho tse inorganic.

Haeba u kile ua ipotsake eng betri ea lithiume entsoeng ka, electrolyte e lutse ka pelong ea mosebetsi oa eona. Libetri tsa lithium-li itšetlehile ka li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho ho koala li-ion tsa lithium pakeng tsa cathode le anode nakong ea ho tjhaja le ho ntša metsi. Ntle le sesebelisoa sena sa mokelikeli, betri e ne e ke ke ea sebetsa.

Motsoako o tloaelehileng o kenyelletsa letsoai la lithium-hangata lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)-e qhibilihisitsoeng ka motsoako oa motsoako oa motsoako oa motsoako. Sena se hlahisa tharollo e nang le conductivity e phahameng ea ionic e lumellang hore li-ion tsa lithium tse qosoang hantle li tsamaee ka bolokolohi ha li ntse li thibela ho phalla ha elektronike, e leng ho ka bakang lipotoloho tse khutšoanyane.

Libetri tsa li-ion tsa khoebo tsa lithium{0}}li sebelisa li-electrolyte tse phelang ho e-na le tse nang le metsi (-tse thehiloeng) ka lebaka la bohlokoa: metsoako ea tlhaho e lula e tsitsitse ka matla a fetang 4.5 volts, athe metsi a bola ka holimo ho 1.23 volts mocheso oa kamore. Monyetla ona oa motlakase o fetolela ka kotloloho libeteri tsa matla a phahameng.

Sebopeho sa li-electrolyte tsa organic lia fapana ho latela litlhoko tsa ts'ebeliso, empa li-solvents tse 'maloa li laola:

Cyclic carbonates:

Ethylene carbonate (EC) e fana ka dielectric tse phahameng kamehla le ho qhibiliha ha letsoai ka tsela e babatsehang, leha e tiile mochesong oa kamore.

Propylene carbonate (PC) e lula e le metsi empa e ka baka exfoliation ea graphite linthong tse ling tsa anode

Vinylene carbonate (VC) hangata e hlaha e le tlatsetso ea ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba li-electrode

Linear Carbonates:

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) e fana ka viscosity e tlase bakeng sa lipalangoang tse ntle tsa ion

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) e leka-lekanya conductivity le polokeho

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) e kopanya thepa ea DMC le DEC ka bobeli

Mefuta e mengata ea khoebo e kopanya cyclic le linear carbonates. Motsoako o tloaelehileng o ka ba le 30% EC le 70% DEC, ho theha mokelikeli o nang le conductivity e phahameng le viscosity e loketseng. Mmaraka oa lefats'e ka bophara oa lithium -ion betri electrolyte solvent e fihlile ho $10.55 bilione ka 2024 mme ho hakanngoa hore e tla hola ho $28.12 bilione ka 2034, e bonts'ang bohlokoa ba lisebelisoa tsena.

Ether{{0}E Thehilweng ka Metswako:

1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) e fana ka botsitso ka linode tsa tšepe tsa lithium

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) e fana ka viscosity e tlase

1,3-dioxolane e ntlafatsa katleho ea libaesekele

Bafuputsi le bona ba ntse ba etsa lipatlisiso ka metsi a ionic e le mekhoa e meng e sireletsehileng. Matsoai ana a qhibilihileng a lula a le metsi mochesong oa kamore 'me a fana ka khatello ea mouoane hoo e ka bang lefela, e leng se etsang hore a se ke a cha. Leha ho le joalo, viscosity ea bona e phahameng e fokotsa conductivity ea ionic ha e bapisoa le metsoako e tloaelehileng ea tlhaho.

Mokhoa oa ho sebetsa o otlolohile empa o motle. Nakong ea ho tsoa, li-ion tsa lithium ho anode li lokolloa ka har'a electrolyte ebe li fallela ho cathode. Lielektrone, tse sa khoneng ho feta electrolyte, li tsamaea ka har'a potoloho e ka ntle-elektrone ena e phallang ke motlakase o matlafatsang lisebelisoa.

Electrolyte e tlameha ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tse 'maloa tsa tlholisano. E hloka viscosity e tlase bakeng sa motsamao oa ion o potlakileng, dielectric khafetsa ho arola letsoai la lithium, fensetere e pharaletseng ea botsitso ba electrochemical ho thibela ho bola, le botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale ka li-electrode ka bobeli. Ho fumana thepa e lekanyang thepa ena kaofela e ntse e le phephetso.

Ketsahalo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e etsahala libakeng tsa li-electrode: ho thehoa ha motsoako o tiileng oa electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ha betri e tjhaja ka lekhetlo la pele, electrolyte e senyeha hanyenyane sebakeng sa anode, 'me e etsa lesela le lesesaane le sireletsang. SEI ena e lumella li-ion tsa lithium hore li fete ha li ntse li thibela lielektrone le ho thibela ho senyeha ho eketsehileng ha electrolyte. Boleng le botsitso ba lera lena li ama bophelo ba betri haholo le polokeho.

Organic Electrolyte

Khetho pakeng tsa li-electrolyte tsa organic le aqueous li kenyelletsa tradeoffs ea mantlha. Sisteme ea metsi e fana ka tšebetso e phahameng ea ionic{1}}limolek'hule tsa metsi li tsamaisa li-ion ka mokhoa o atlehileng ho feta lihlapolli tsa tlhaho. Li boetse li sireletsehile, li theko e tlaase, 'me ho bonolo ho li tšoara kaha metsi ha a che kapa a chefo.

Empa fensetere eo ea 1.23-volt stability e bolaea litsamaiso tse nang le metsi bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata. Libetri tsa lithium-ion li sebetsa pakeng tsa 3.7 le 4.2 volts, ho feta seo metsi a ka se mamellang. Bafuputsi ba bang ba sutumelitse lisebelisoa tsa metsi ho 2.0-2.5 volts ba sebelisa litharollo tsa letsoai tse ngata haholo, empa sena se tela molemo oa litšenyehelo mme se hlahisa mathata a macha.

Li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho li laola 'maraka eseng hobane li sebetsa hantle, empa hobane e le tsona tse fumanehang bakeng sa{0}}lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa motlakase. Monyetla oa matla a matla a bohlokoa haholo-ke phapang lipakeng tsa koloi ea motlakase e bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 100 ha e bapisoa le sebaka sa 300-mile.

Khaello e kholo ea li-electrolyte tsa organic ke ho chesa. Lisebelisoa tsa carbonate li hotetsa habonolo, 'me mello ea betri ea lithium-ion e hlahisa mocheso o matla. Ho baleha ha mocheso{3}moo mocheso o ka hare o potlakisang tšebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tse hlahisang mocheso o mongata{4}}o ka bakang mollo kapa ho phatloha.

Maano a 'maloa a sebetsana le kotsi ena:

Lelakabe-Lisebelisuoa tse sa Lebaleheng:Ho eketsa metsoako e kang trimethyl phosphate kapa lihlapolli tse nang le fluorinated ho fokotsa ho tuka. Lipatlisiso tse phatlalalitsoeng ka 2020 li bontšitse EC-li-electrolyte tse sa cheng tse sebelisang methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate. Lisele tse sebelisang mokhoa ona li ne li sebetsa ka li-cycles tse 100 ho 4.5V charge cutoff-conditions tse neng li ka etsa hore li-electrolyte tse tloaelehileng li theohe.

Solid{{0}State Electrolytes:Ho fetola li-electrolyte tsa metsi ka thepa e tiileng (polymers kapa ceramics) ho felisa ho chesa ka ho feletseng. Leha ho le joalo, li-electrolyte tse tiileng li tobane le liphephetso: ho fokotseha ha ionic conductivity mocheso oa kamore, ho se kopane hantle le li-electrode, le brittleness. Theknoloji e bonts'a ts'episo empa ha e so ts'oane le ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tsa mokelikeli.

Li-Electrolyte Tse Phahameng{{0}E phahameng:Ho sebelisa 3-5 letsoai la letsoai la molar sebakeng sa molar e tloaelehileng ea 1 ho fetola sebopeho sa electrolyte. Litsamaisong tse tsepamisitsoeng haholo, limolek'hule tse fokolang tsa solvent li lula li sa tlamehe, li fokotsa ho tuka le ho ntlafatsa botsitso. LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) litlhophisong tse joalo e bontšitse polokeho e ntlafetseng ha e ntse e boloka ts'ebetso e ntle.

Mmaraka oa electrolyte o ntse o hola ka potlako. Mmaraka oa lithium battery electrolyte o eme ho $5.8 bilione ka 2025 mme ho lebelletsoe hore o tla fihla ho $18.3 billion ka 2035, o bonts'a sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa 12.2%. Keketseho ena e bakoa haholo-holo ke tšebeliso ea likoloi tsa motlakase le marang-rang-kemiso ea polokelo ea matla.

Asia Pacific e laola tlhahiso le ts'ebeliso, e ikarabellang bakeng sa hoo e ka bang 35% ea 'maraka oa lefats'e. China, haholoholo, e hahile matla a maholo a ho etsa li-electrolyte ho ts'ehetsa indasteri ea eona ea betri ea lapeng. Likhamphani tse kang Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology le Shenzhen Capchem Technology li etella pele phepelo ea lefats'e.

Karolo ea likoloi e tsamaisa tlhokahalo{{0}likoloi tsa motlakase ha joale li sebelisa libeteri tse ngata ho feta lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, e leng phetoho ea lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng. Pakete e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea betri ea EV e na le lilithara tse' maloa tsa electrolyte, 'me thekiso ea EV lefatšeng ka bophara e fetile liyuniti tse limilione tse 14 ka 2023. Maikutlo ana a likoloi a sutumelletsa lipatlisiso mabapi le li-electrolyte tse ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa bophelo ba nako e telele le ts'ebetso ea mocheso o pharaletseng ho e-na le matla a mangata a matla.

Litaelo tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso li bontša hore na tšimo e lebile hokae. Sebaka se seng se ts'episang ke sebaka sa -concentration electrolyte (LHCEs). Litsamaiso tsena li sebelisa mokelikeli o monyane o theko e boima oa fluorinated ho theha tikoloho ea lehae e teteaneng haholo ho potoloha letsoai la lithium, ebe o hlapolla sena ka cosolvent e theko e tlaase, e inert. Sephetho se kopanya melemo ea{4}}ea lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka theko e tlase le ponahalo.

Mokhoa o mong o kenyelletsa ho lokisa lera la SEI ka li-additives tsa electrolyte. Lichelete tse nyane (1-5%) tsa metsoako e itseng li ka susumetsa haholo hore na ke mefuta efe sebakeng sa electrode. Vinylene carbonate, ka mohlala, ka ho khetheha e senyeha ho etsa filimi e tsitsitseng ea SEI. Bafuputsi ba li-lab tse etellang pele tsa li-betri joale ba lula ba lekola likeketso tse makholo tse ka bang teng ba sebelisa k'hemistri ea khomphutha pele ba kopanya batho ba ts'episang haholo.

Libetri tsa-tse tiileng{1}}kaofela tsa naha li bontša ho falla ho hoholo hoa theknoloji ea hajoale. Toyota, Samsung, le QuantumScape ke tse ling tsa lik'hamphani tse tsetelang haholo ho li-electrolyte tse tiileng. Ha e atlehile, lisebelisoa tsena li ka fana ka matla a mangata ka 50% ho feta libeteri tsa hona joale tsa lithium-e ntse e tlosa kotsi ea mollo. Leha ho le joalo, liqholotso tsa tekheniki mabapi le botsitso ba sebopeho le tlhahiso ka bongata li lula li sa rarolloe.

Katleho ea Lithium e na le bafuputsi ba sebelisang mekhoa e ts'oanang ho libeteri tsa sodium-ion. Sodium e ngata haholo ebile e theko e tlase ho feta lithium, e etsa hore lisebelisoa tsa sodium{2}}one li khahle bakeng sa polokelo e sa sebetseng moo boima ba 'mele bo seng bohlokoa haholo. Litaba tse monate: li-electrolyte tse ngata tse entsoeng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa lithium li sebetsa hantle ka sodium.

Mathata a fapana hanyane. Li-ion tsa sodium li kholo ho feta li-ion tsa lithium, tse amang thepa ea lipalangoang le sebopeho sa SEI. Li-electrolyte li hloka ho lokisoa ho amohela liphapang tsena. Ester-based solvents (joaloka ethyl acetate kapa methyl propionate) ka linako tse ling e sebetsa betere ka sodium ho feta carbonate{4}e etsoang.

Libetri tsa ion tsa sodium-ho tsoa ho lik'hamphani tse kang CATL hajoale li sebelisa organic electrolyte tse tšoanang le lithium-ion system, hangata sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) metsoakong ea carbonate. Theknoloji ha e so ka e tsamaisana le tšebetso ea lithium-ion, empa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse kang polokelo ea letsatsi ea bolulo, "ho lekana" ka theko e tlase e kanna ea ba "betere."

Li-electrolyte tsa 'mele li loantšana le mocheso o feteletseng. Ka tlase ho -20℃, viscosity ea eketseha 'me lipalangoang tsa lithium-ion li ea butle haholo. Ka holimo ho likhato tse 60, karabelo ea ho bola ea potlakisa mme nako ea bophelo ba betri ea senyeha.

Li-electrolyte tse thehiloeng ho Ether{{0}ka kakaretso li sebetsana hantle le serame ho feta carbonate-tse thehiloeng ho tsona, leha li fana ka matla a itseng. Lipatlisiso tse phatlalalitsoeng ka 2024 li bonts'itse libeteri tsa tšepe-tse sebetsang ka -40℃li sebelisa li-electrolyte tse entsoeng ka hloko. Ntho ea bohlokoa e ne e amana le ho leka-lekanya sebopeho sa ho qhibiliha{8}kamoo limolek'hule tsa solvent li hlophisang li-ion-ho boloka ho tsamaea ha ion le ha ho bata.

Bakeng sa{0}}lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa mocheso, li-ether tse nang le fluorinated le phosphate ester li fana ka botsitso bo betere ho feta likhabonete tse tloaelehileng. Likopo tsa sesole le tsa sefofane ka linako tse ling li lokafatsa litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa li-electrolyte tsena tse khethehileng.

Li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho li hlaha lik'hemik'hale tsa betri tse fetang lithium-ion. Libetri tsa Lithium-sebabole, tseo ho nahanoang hore li fana ka matla a phahameng haholo, li hloka li-electrolyte tse thibelang ho qhibiliha ha polysulfide. Bafuputsi ba entse li-electrolyte tse khethehileng tsa ether{4}tse nang le li-additives tse kang lithium nitrate ho rarolla sena.

Libetri tsa phallo ea lintho tse phelang li sebelisa metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e qhibilihisitsoeng e le thepa e sebetsang ho e-na le li-electrode tse tiileng. Litsamaiso tsena li potoloha electrolyte ka betri, e lumellang matla a matla hore a iketsetse ntle le tlhahiso ea matla. Li-quinone, viologens, le tse nkiloeng ho TEMPO tse qhibilihisitsoeng ka har'a metsi kapa li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho li bontša tšepiso ea ho boloka grid{2}}sekala.

Zinc-ka linako tse ling libeteri tsa moea li sebelisa li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho ho thibela ho hlaha ha zinc dendrite. Libetri tsa Magnesium-li sa ntse li le maemong a lipatlisiso{3}}li hloka li-electrolyte tse khethehileng hobane magnesium ha e etse lera la ho feta joalo ka ha lithium e etsa.

Organic Electrolyte

Metsi a bola ka electrolysis ka maqhubu a ka holimo ho 1.23V, a hlahisa hydrogen le likhase tsa oksijene. Libetri tsa lithium-li sebetsa ho 3.7-4.2V, ho feta tekanyo ea botsitso ea metsi. Li-solvents li lula li tsitsitse ho li-voltages tsena tse phahameng, tse lumellang polokelo e kholo ea matla ka boima ba yuniti.

Litlhapi tse ngata tse sebelisoang libetering{{0}likhabonete, li-ether, li-ester-li na le carbon{2}}libonto tsa haedrojene tse kenyang oksijene habonolo ha o le teng le mocheso. Ha betri e kena sebakeng sa mocheso, mocheso o ka hare o ka feta likhato tse 150, ka nako eo li-solvents tsena li tukang. Ho ba teng ha letsoai la lithium le lisebelisoa tsa electrode tse sebetsang li potlakisa ho tuka hang ha ho qala.

Ho senyeha ha electrolyte ho lekanyetsa bophelo ba betri ho nako ea ho tjhaja 1000-2000 ho lisebelisoa tsa bareki, kapa lilemo tse 8-10 likoloing tsa motlakase. Lits'oants'o tsa ho bola li etsahala khafetsa libakeng tsa li-electrode, li ja electrolyte le ho etsa likarolo tse sireletsang. Thempereichara, litefiso tsa ho tjhaja, le mefuta ea motlakase kaofela li ama ts'ebeliso e bonolo ea ho fokotseha ho lelefatsa bophelo.

Mekhoa ea hajoale ea ho nchafatsa e shebana haholo le ho khutlisa litšepe tsa bohlokoa joalo ka lithium, cobalt le nickel ho li-electrode. Electrolyte hangata ea chesoa kapa ea senyeha ka lik'hemik'hale nakong ea hydrometallurgical recycling. Mekhoa e meng e mecha e leka ho khutlisa le ho hloekisa likarolo tsa electrolyte, empa sena ha se e-so be le tlholisano ea moruo ka ho hlahisa li-electrolyte tse ncha ho tsoa lihlahisoa tsa peterole.

Organic electrolyte e emela e 'ngoe ea mahlale a sebetsang hantle hoo mefuta e meng e thatafalloang ho e tlosa, leha e na le mefokolo e tsebahalang. Seseteme e tiileng-e tšepisa polokeho e ntlafetseng, 'me lisebelisoa tse nang le metsi li fana ka litšenyehelo tse tlase, empa li-electrolyte tsa organic liquid hajoale li fana ka tekanyo e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea ts'ebetso, ho teteana ha matla, le ho etsoa. Ka bokamoso, betri e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lithium{3}ion e sebelisang mehala ea rona, lilaptop, le likoloi tsa rona e tla ba le limililithara tse' maloa tsa lik'habone{4}li-ionic conductor tsena tse etsang mosebetsi oa tsona o khutsitseng, oa bohlokoa.