Organic Solvents ke eng?

Organic solvents ke carbon{0}liquid compounds tse khonang ho qhibiliha kapa ho qhalakanya lintho tse ling ntle le ho li fetola ka lik'hemik'hale. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li na le liathomo tsa carbon tse kopantsoeng le likarolo tse ling tse kang hydrogen, oksijene, kapa li-halogen, tse li khethollang ho li-solvents tse kang metsi. Ho na le li-solvents tse fapaneng tse fetang 200 ho pholletsa le malapa a fapaneng a lik'hemik'hale, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e sebeletsa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tsa indasteri le tsa khoebo ho ipapisitse le sebopeho sa limolek'hule le thepa ea' mele.

Tšobotsi e khethollang ea lihlapolli tsa lintho tse phelang e itšetlehile ka meralo ea tsona ea limolek'hule. Lisebelisoa tsohle tsa tlhaho li na le carbon-carbon kapa carbon{2}hydrogen bond{2}e le mokokotlo oa tsona. Motsoako ona oa khabone{{4}o ba fa bokhoni bo ikhethang ba ho qhibiliha, haholo-holo bakeng sa-lits'oants'o tse se nang polar le tse fokolang tsa polar tseo metsi a ke keng a qhibiliha hantle.

Li-solvents tsa tlhaho li na le lintho tse 'maloa tse tloaelehileng tse etsang hore e be tsa bohlokoa indastering. Bongata ba metsi a fetohang mochesong oa kamore, ho bolelang hore a fetoha mouoane habonolo. Lintlha tsa tsona tse belang hangata li tloha ka tlase ho likhato tse 100 ho isa ho likhato tse 250, tse nang le lintlha tse belang tse tlase tse tsamaellanang le ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo. Dielectric constant-tekanyo ya bokgoni ba sehlapi sa ho fokotsa matla pakeng tsa dikarolwana tse tjhajiswang-e fapana haholo ho ya ka dihlapolli tsa organic, e amang ka ho toba bokgoni ba tsona ba ho qhibidila metsoako ya ionic e kang lithium salts.

Viscosity e emela thepa e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa. Litlhapi tse tlase-li lumella li-ion le limolek'hule ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi ka har'a tharollo, e leng bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse kang li-electrolyte tsa lithium battery moo conductivity ea ionic e lebang tšebetso. Tšebelisano pakeng tsa dielectric constant le viscosity hangata e hloka ho kopanya li-solvents le thepa e tlatselletsang ho fihlela sephetho se nepahetseng.

Lihlahisoa tsa Hydrocarbon li na le liathomo tsa carbon le hydrogen feela. Litlhapi tsena tseo e seng{1}}li sebetsa hantle tabeng ea ho qhibiliha ha oli, boka, mafura le mafura.

Aliphatic hydrocarbonse na le liketane tsa carbon tse otlolohileng kapa tse nang le makala ntle le mehele e nkhang hamonate. Mehlala e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa hexane, heptane, le petroleum ether. Lisebelisoa tsena li na le polarity e tlaase haholo, ho feto-fetoha ho phahameng, 'me li tsitsitse lik'hemik'hale empa li chesa haholo. Liindasteri li li sebelisa bakeng sa ho ntša oli, ho etsa meriana, ho etsa lipente le ho hlahisa sekhomaretsi.

Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonateli na le masale a benzene ka har'a sebopeho sa tsona, tse li fang litšobotsi tse ikhethang. Benzene, toluene, le xylene li emela metsoako e monko o monate ka ho fetisisa. Metsoako ena e na le polarity e itekanetseng, matla a phahameng a solvency ho feta aliphatic hydrocarbons, le monko o ikhethang. Tšebeliso ea bona e akaretsa tšebeliso ea lihlaseli tsa indasteri lipente, likhomaretsi, li-inke tsa khatiso le mesebetsi ea ho tlosa mafura. Leha ho le joalo, li-hydrocarbon tse 'maloa tse nkhang hamonate li na le likotsi tse kholo tsa bophelo{{4}benzene ke carcinogen e tsebahalang, e etsang hore meeli ea ho pepeseha e laolehe ka thata.

Li-solvents tse nang le oksijene li kenyelletsa liathomo tsa oksijene ka har'a sebopeho sa limolek'hule, li theha litšobotsi tsa polar tse eketsang matla a tsona a ho qhibiliha.

Joalae na le lihlopha tsa hydroxyl (-OH) tse hoketsoeng ho liketane tsa khabone. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, le butanol li sebelisoa haholo indastering. Joala bo ka qhibiliha ka bobeli le lintho tse ling tseo e seng-lintho tse se nang polar, e leng se etsang hore e be lihlapolli tse fapaneng. Ethanol e sebetsa e le motsoako oa bohlokoa litlhare, litlolo, litlolo tse nkhang hamonate le li-sanitizers. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri li kenyelletsa tšebeliso e le sesebelisoa sa ho hloekisa le ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale.

Ketonee na le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O) se kopantsoeng le liathomo tse peli tsa carbon. Acetone le methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) li etella sehlopha sena pele. Li-ketone li na le polar haholo, li na le solvency e ntle haholo, 'me li fetoha mouoane kapele. Acetone e hlaha linthong tse tlosang polisi ea lipekere, lithakong tse tšesaane tsa pente, hape e le sesebelisoa sa ho hloekisa ha ho etsoa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Lilaboratoring, li-ketone li sebetsa e le li-solvents tse tloaelehileng.

Esterstheha ka karabelo lipakeng tsa acid le joala. Ethyl acetate le methyl acetate li sebelisoa hangata. Lisebelisoa tsena li na le monko o monate oa litholoana, li-solvents tse ntle bakeng sa li-resin le li-polymers, le polarity e itekanetseng. Indasteri ea ho roala e sebelisa li-ester haholo lipenteng le li-varnish. Liindasteri tsa lijo li sebelisa li-ester tse itseng joalo ka litlolo tsa tatso. Ethyl acetate e hlaha ka har'a litlolo tse tlosang pentšele le joalo ka mohloekisi oa boto ea potoloho.

Etherse na le athomo ea oksijene e kopantsoeng le liketane tse peli tsa carbon. Diethyl ether le tetrahydrofuran (THF) li emela li-ether tsa bohlokoa libakeng tsa laboratori le indastering. Li-Ether hangata li na le polarity e tlase le ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo. Le hoja diethyl ether e kile ea sebeletsa e le sethethefatsi se tloaelehileng, ho tuka ha eona ho feteletseng ho ile ha fokotsa tšebeliso ea eona. THF e ntse e tsebahala tlhahisong ea polymer le joalo ka sehlaseli sa laboratori.

Li-solvents tse nang le halogenated li kenyelletsa liathomo tsa halogen (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, kapa iodine) sebopeho sa tsona. Li-solvents tsena li na le matla a ikhethang a ho qhibiliha bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse hananang le lihlapolli tse ling.

Li-solvents tse nang le chlorinatedkenyeletsa dichloromethane (methylene chloride), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, le trichlorethylene. Likhomphutha tsena ha li{1}}tse tukang{2}}ke molemo o moholo oa polokeho{3}}'me li na le matla a phahameng a ho hlapolla. Ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa tšepe, ho hlobola pente, le ho hloekisa ka mokhoa o omileng ka tloaelo ho ne ho itšetlehile haholo ka lihlapolli tse nang le chlorine. Leha ho le joalo, lihlahisoa tse ngata tse nang le chlorine li chefo, tse ling li khetholloa e le li-carcinogens kapa likotsi tsa ho ba le bana. Carbon tetrachloride le trichlorethylene li tobane le lithibelo tse thata tsa taolo ka lebaka la likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle le matšoenyeho a ho fokotseha ha ozone.

Li-solvents tse nang le fluorinatedli fumane tlhokomelo morao tjena, haholo-holo lits'ebetsong tse khethehileng. Metsoako ena e fana ka chefo e tlase ho feta mefuta e meng ea chlorinated maemong a mangata mme e bonts'a botsitso bo botle ba lik'hemik'hale. Indasteri ea libeteri e bontšitse thahasello e khethehileng ho fluorinated carbonates bakeng sa-voltage lithium battery applications ka lebaka la ho tsitsa ha tsona ha oxidation.

Li-solvents tsa carbonate li nka boemo bo ikhethang ka lebaka la karolo ea tsona ea bohlokoa polokelong ea matla ea sejoale-joale. Metsoako ena e na le sehlopha sa carbonate (−O−CO−O−) ka sebopeho sa eona.

Li-cyclic carbonatesjoalo ka ethylene carbonate (EC) le propylene carbonate (PC) li na le maemo a phahameng a dielectric empa hape le viscosity e phahameng. Ethylene carbonate, e tiileng mochesong oa kamore, e fetoha mokelikeli ha e kopantsoe le metsoako e meng. Metsoako ena e etsa lifilimi tse sireletsang tse tsitsitseng holim'a libaka tsa electrode.

Li-carbonate tsa linearjoalo ka dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), le ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) li na le viscosity e tlase empa hape li na le maemo a tlase a dielectric. Motsoako oa li-cyclic le linear carbonates li etsa litharollo tsa electrolyte tse nang le thepa e leka-lekaneng.

Kutloisisolithium betri ke engthekenoloji e hloka ho ela hloko mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa metsoako ea lintho tse hlapollang ka har'a lisebelisoa tsena tsa polokelo ea matla. Libetri tsa lithium li fetola matla a lik'hemik'hale ho matla a motlakase ka ho sisinyeha ha lithium ion lipakeng tsa li-electrode. Li-solvents tsa tlhaho li theha motheo oa electrolyte ea metsi e nolofalletsang ho tsamaisa ion ena.

Ho li-electrolyte tsa betri tsa lithium, li-solvents tsa organic li tlameha ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tse ngata tse batloang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Ba hloka li-constants tse phahameng tsa dielectric ho qhala letsoai la lithium joalo ka lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), empa viscosity e tlase ho lumella motsamao oa ion o potlakileng. Li tlameha ho lula li tsitsitse ka mokhoa oa electrochemical ho pholletsa le mefuta ea matla a betri a sebetsang, li hane ho bola ho li-electrode ka bobeli, 'me li sebetse hantle ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata ea mocheso.

Electrolyte e tloaelehileng ea betri ea lithium e na le li-solvents tse tsoakiloeng. Sebopeho se tloaelehileng se kopanya ethylene carbonate le dimethyl carbonate kapa diethyl carbonate ka likarolo tse itseng. Dielectric e phahameng ea ethylene carbonate e qhibiliha letsoai la lithium ka katleho 'me e theha lera le sireletsang la electrolyte interphase (SEI) holim'a anode ea graphite. Sekhahla sena sa SEI se thibela ho senyeha ho eketsehileng ha solvent ha ho ntse ho lumella lithium ion phasejeng. Leha ho le joalo, sebaka se phahameng sa ho qhibiliha sa EC (36 degrees ) se hloka ho tsoakoa le lihlapolli tsa metsi tse kang DMC kapa DEC.

Propylene carbonate qalong e ne e bonahala e na le tšepo empa e baka ho ntšoa ha graphite ka libeteri tse tloaelehileng tsa lithium-ion. Bafuputsi ba e bolokela libeteri tse sebelisang lisebelisoa tse ling tsa anode. Li-linear carbonates tse kang DMC le DEC li fokotsa viscosity ea electrolyte, li ntlafatsa ho sebetsa ha ionic le{3}}thempereichara e tlase.

Ntlafatso e tsoetseng pele ea betri ea lithium e tsamaisa tlhahiso ea organic solvent. Lisebelisuoa tse phahameng tsa{{1}voltage cathode li hloka metsoako e hanyetsanang le oxidation e phahameng. Li-solvents tse nang le fluorinated li hlahile e le likhetho, tse fanang ka botsitso ho matla a ka holimo ho 4.5V khahlanong le lithium. Lisebelisoa tsena tse khethehileng li thusa-libetri tsa moloko o latelang tse nang le matla a mangata.

Litlhoko tsa boleng bakeng sa-litlhare tsa tlhaho tsa betri li thata haholo. Bohloeki bo tlameha ho feta 99.9%, ka mongobo o ka tlase ho likarolo tse 10 ho milione. Tšilafalo ea metsi e baka lithium letsoai hydrolysis, e hlahisang hydrofluoric acid e senyang likarolo tsa betri le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso. Litšila li theola bokhoni ba oxidation mme li beha polokeho.

Ho sebelisa betri hape ho hlahisa liphephetso tse ling bakeng sa taolo ea mokelikeli oa manyolo. Libetri tsa lithium tse sebelisitsoeng li na le li-electrolyte tsa khale tse nang le lihlahisoa tsa ho bola. Ho ntšoa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng le ho sebelisoa hape kapa ho lahloa ka nepo ha metsoako ena ea tlhaho ho thibela tšilafalo ea tikoloho le ho khutlisa lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa.

Litlhapi tsa tlhaho li hlaha hoo e batlang e le indastering e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, 'me tšebeliso ea selemo le selemo ea lefatše e feta lithane tse limilione tse 28. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho qhibiliha, ho emisa, ho ntša, kapa ho hlapolla lisebelisoa tse ling ntle le ho baka liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale li etsa hore li se ke tsa nkeloa sebaka lits'ebetsong tse ngata.

Indasteri ea lirafshoa le lipente e emela bareki ba kholo ka ho fetisisa ba lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho. Lintho tse qhibilihisang li qhibilihisa li-resin le li-pigments, li laola viscosity bakeng sa tšebeliso e nepahetseng, 'me li fetoha mouoane ho siea liphahlo tse tšoanang. Toluene, xylene, acetone, le lino tse tahang tse fapa-fapaneng li sebetsa e le lisebelisoa tse fokolang pente le lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa bakeng sa thepa ea ho penta.

Ho etsa meriana ho itšetlehile haholo ka lihlapolli tsa lintho tse phelang ho pholletsa le ntshetsopele le tlhahiso ea lithethefatsi. Li-solvents li sebetsa e le mecha ea litaba bakeng sa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale, li-ajenti tsa ho ntšoa bakeng sa ho arola metsoako e sebetsang ho tsoa mehloling ea tlhaho, mecha ea litaba ea tlhoekiso ka mekhoa ea kristallise, le bajari ba lintho tse entsoeng. Ethanol, methanol, acetone, le dichloromethane ke tse ling tsa metsoako ea meriana e sebelisoang khafetsa.

Lefapha la li-adhesives le li-sealants le sebelisa li-solvents tsa organic ho laola ho tsitsisa le ho nolofalletsa ts'ebeliso. Ka mor'a kopo, mouoane oa solvent o lumella sekhomaretsi hore se behe. Likhomaretsi tsa indasteri, li-sealant tsa kaho, le likhomaretsi tsa ka tlung kaofela li kenyelletsa metsoako ea lintho tse hlapollang linthong tsa tsona.

Li-inks tsa khatiso li hloka li-solvents ho boloka metsi a lekaneng le ho etsa bonnete ba hore li ajoa libakeng tsa khatiso. Mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hatisa-offset, flexographic, gravure-sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa solvent tse lokiselitsoeng ho latela litlhoko tsa tsona tse khethehileng. Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate le li-ester hangata li hlaha mefuteng ea enke ea khatiso.

Ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale ho likala tsohle li sebelisa li-solvents e le mecha ea litaba. Li-solvents li nolofatsa motsoako oa reactant, li laola mocheso oa mocheso ka matla a tsona a mocheso, 'me li susumetsa litekanyetso tsa karabelo le khetho. Bafuputsi ba laboratori le limela tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa indasteri ka bobeli li itšetlehile ka ho khetha lihlapolli tse loketseng bakeng sa liphetoho tse atlehileng tsa lik'hemik'hale.

Indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki e sebelisa li-solvents tsa organic bakeng sa ho hloekisa liboto tsa potoloho, ho tlosa masala a flux le likarolo tsa ho tlosa mafura. Ho hloekisa ka nepo ho hloka lihlapolli tse fetohang mouoane ka ho feletseng ntle le ho siea masala. Isopropanol le li-solvents tse khethehileng tsa fluorinated li sebeletsa lits'ebetso tsena.

Tlhokomelo ea motho ka mong le litlolo li kenyelletsa metsoako ea tlhaho ka har'a litlolo tse nkhang hamonate, polisi ea manala, litlolo tse tlosang lipentšele, le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho bopa. Ethanol le ethyl acetate li hlaha hangata lihlahisoa tsena tsa bareki.

Ts'ebetso ea ho hloekisa ka mokhoa o omileng ka tloaelo e ne e itšetlehile ka lihlapolli tsa lintho tse phelang, haholo-holo perchlorethylene (tetrachlorethylene), ho hloekisa masela a pshatlehileng ntle le metsi. Matšoenyeho a tikoloho le bophelo bo botle a tsamaisitse nts'etsopele ea lihlapolli tse ling bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ena.

Organic Solvents

Li-solvents li beha likotsi tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle ho latela sebopeho sa tsona sa lik'hemik'hale, mahloriso, nako ea ho pepeseha, le tsela ea ho pepeseha. Basebeletsi ba limilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba tobane le ho pepesehela ha solvent e ka bang teng libakeng tsa bona tsa mosebetsi.

Litlamorao tse matla tsa ho pepesehahaholo-holo e kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. -Ho ba boemong bo hodimo ba nako e kgutshwane-ho baka matshwao a ho qala ho tloha hloohong, ho tsekela, le hlooho e tshweu ho isa pherekanong, ho lahlehelwa ke tshebedisano, ho idibala, ho tsietsana, le lefu le ka bang teng. Ho teneha ha mahlo, nko le 'metso hangata ho etsahala ha motho a pepesehela mouoane. Litlamorao tsena tsa hanghang li rarolloa hang hang ha ts'ebeliso e felile, empa li baka likotsi tsa ts'ireletso hanghang ka ho senya kahlolo le nako ea karabelo.

Ho pepeseha ho sa felengho lihlapolli tsa lintho tse phelang ka likhoeli kapa lilemo ho lebisa liphellong tse tebileng haholoanyane tsa bophelo bo botle. Ho pepeseha ha nako e telele ho senya tsamaiso ea litho tse ngata:

Sistimi ea methapo e bonts'a ho ba kotsing e itseng. Chronic solvent neurotoxicity e iponahatsa e le ho holofala ha kelello, mathata a ho hopola, liphetoho tsa botho, le ho fokotsa tšebelisano. Litlhapi tse ling-n-hexane, toluene, le styrene-ke li-neurotoxin tse netefalitsoeng. Boemo bo ka fetoha ka mokhoa o itseng ka ho khaotsa ho pepeseha, empa maemo a matla a baka tšenyo e sa feleng.

Litlhapi tse 'maloa tsa organic ke li-carcinogens tse netefalitsoeng tsa batho. Benzene e baka leukemia le mathata a mali. Formaldehyde e eketsa likotsi tsa mofetše oa nasopharyngeal le leukemia. Trichlorethylene le carbon tetrachloride le tsona li na le likarolo tsa carcinogenic.

Litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba ho ba le bana li ngotsoe bakeng sa metsoako e mengata. 2-ethoxyethanol le 2-methoxyethanol e senya thari ho banna le basali. Basali ba nang le bakhachane ba pepesehetseng lintho tse qhibilihisitsoeng haholo ba tobana le likotsi tse eketsehileng tsa ho senyeheloa ke mpa, bokooa ba pelehi le masea a boima bo tlaase.

Tšenyo ea sebete le liphio e bakoa ke ho pepesehela metsoako e mengata e hlapollang nako e telele. Litho tsena li fetola metsoako ea metsoako, ho li etsa hore li hlaselehe habonolo-e bakoang ke chefo. Li-solvents tse nang le chlorinated ka ho khetheha li ama tšebetso ea sebete.

Litlamorao tsa dermatological hangata li etsahala har'a basebetsi ba sebetsanang le li-solvents. Li-solvents li tlosa oli ea tlhaho letlalong, li baka ho omella, ho phatloha le dermatitis. Lintho tse ling tse hlapollang li kenella ka har'a letlalo le senyehileng ebe li kena maling, 'me li etsa hore ho be le monyetla oa ho pepeseha ka ntle ho ho hema.

Litsela tsa ho pepesehafumana matla le mofuta oa liphello tsa bophelo bo botle. Ho hema ho emela mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho pepeseha bakeng sa lihlapolli tse sa fetoheng. Mouoane o qhibilihisang o kena matšoafong 'me o hasana ka potlako 'meleng oohle ka phallo ea mali. Ho monyela ha dermal ho etsahala ha mokelikeli o mokelikeli o kopana le letlalo kapa ha basebetsi ba qoelisa matsoho a bona ka libateng tsa solvent. Ho ja, leha ho sa tloaeleha, ho etsahala ka matsoho a nang le tšoaetso a tšoara lijo kapa lijana tsa ho noela.

Likotsi tsa mollo le ho phatlohahlahisa likotsi tse teng hanghang. Litlhapi tse ngata tsa manyolo li chesa haholo ka li-flashpoints tse tlase. Mokelikeli-motsoako o ka har'a sebaka se ka tukang o ka tuka ho tsoa ho motlakase o sa fetoheng, litlhase, malakabe a bulehileng, kapa libaka tse chesang. Poloko e nepahetseng e hloka lijana tsa fatše ho thibela ho tsoa ho sa feleng. Thepa ea motlakase libakeng tse sebelisoang haholo ka solvent e tlameha ho ba e bolokehileng. Litumello tsa ho sebetsa le moea o kenang ka ho feletseng li tlamehile pele ho "mosebetsi o chesang" libakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mokelikeli{6}.

Meeli ea taolo ea ho pepesehathusa ho sireletsa basebetsi. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) e theha Meeli e lumelletsoeng ea ho pepeseha (PELs) bakeng sa li-solvents tse ngata. Setsi sa Sechaba sa Polokeho le Bophelo bo Botle mosebetsing (NIOSH) se phatlalatsa Meeli e Recommended Exposure (RELs). Seboka sa Amerika sa Bohloeki ba Liindasteri tsa Puso (ACGIH) se hlahisa Litekanyetso tsa Moedi oa Moeli (TLVs). Meeli ena e totobatsa boholo ba maemo a moeeng a ka bang karolelano ea lihora tse -lichifi tsa ho sebetsa.

Mehato ea ts'ireletsoe tlameha ho kenngoa kae kapa kae moo metsoako ea organic e sebelisoang:

Litaolo tsa boenjiniere li fana ka mokhoa oa pele oa tšireletso. Moea o lekaneng o tlosa mouoane o qhibilihisang mohloling oa oona. Lits'ebetso tsa lehae tsa mosi, lihokelo tsa mosi, le libaka tsa polokelo tse nang le moea o pholileng li fokotsa moea o kenang. Lisebelisoa tse koetsoeng li fokotsa ho lokolloa ha solvent.

Thepa e sireletsang motho (PPE) e kenyelletsa liatlana-tse thibang lik'hemik'hale tse khethetsoeng lihlapolli tse khethehileng, likhalase tsa tšireletso kapa likhalase, lisebelisoa tsa ho hema ha moea o sa lekane, le liaparo tse sireletsang. Khetho ea liatlana e hloka tlhokomelo e hlokolosi-malapa a fapaneng a solvent a phunyeletsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa liatlana.

Litaolo tsa tsamaiso li kenyelletsa mekhoa e nepahetseng ea mosebetsi. Basebeletsi ba lokela ho sebelisa metsoako e fokolang haholo, ba boloke linkho li koahetsoe ha li sa sebelisoe, ba qobe ho hlapa matsoho ka lihlapolli, ho chencha liaparo tse silafetseng ka potlako- le ho fumana koetliso ea kamehla mabapi le mekhoa e sireletsehileng ea ho sebetsa.

Litlhapi tsa khale tsa petroleum{0}tse thehiloeng ho manyolo li kenya letsoho haholo mathateng a tikoloho. Ho feto-fetoha ha tsona ho hoholo ho baka mesi e mengata ea sepakapaka. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) tse lokollotsoeng ho tsoa ho lihlapolli li kenya letsoho ho bopeheng ha mosi oa photochemical le ho kenya letsoho tšilafalong-ea boemo ba ozone. Ka selemo sa 2017, lihlapolli tsa tlhaho li ile tsa khethoa har'a mefuta e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lik'hemik'hale tse hlahisoang moeeng tse lateloang ke US Environmental Protection Agency.

Ho lahla ho sa nepahalang ho silafatsa mobu le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše. Litlhapi tse ngata tsa manyolo li hana ho senyeha ha limela, li tšoarella tikolohong nako e telele. Likokoana-hloko tsa metsing li ba le kotsi e khethehileng ha mokelikeli-metsi a silafetseng a kena melapong, linōkeng kapa matšeng. Phetroleum{{4}e thehiloeng mohloling oa lihlapolli tse tloaelehileng hape e baka mathata a ts'ebetso ho latela mehloli e lekanyelitsoeng ea mafura.

Khatello ea taolo e matlafetse lilemong tsa morao tjena. European Union's VOC Directive e beha meeli ea ho tsoa moeeng. Setsi sa Ts'ireletso ea Tikoloho sa U.S. se beha litekanyetso tse thata bakeng sa tšebeliso ea solvent, polokelo, le ho lahla. Likarolo tse ngata li thibela kapa li thibela haholo lihlapolli tse kotsi joalo ka carbon tetrachloride le metsoako e itseng ea chlorine.

Melao-motheo ea k'hemistri e tala e tsamaisitse nts'etsopele ea lihlapolli tse ling tse nang le litlamorao tse fokotsehileng tsa tikoloho le bophelo bo botle. -li-solvents tse thehiloeng ho likokoana-hloko tse nkiloeng ho li-feedstocks tse nchafalitsoeng li fana ka tsela e le 'ngoe e tšepisang.

Ethanolho tsoa ho poone, 'moba, kapa mehloling e meng ea limela e emela sehlapi se sebelisoang haholo{{0}se thehiloeng ho bioloji. Meaho ea eona e teng, ho tloaeleha le boemo bo botle bo etsa hore e khahle lits'ebetso tse ngata. Bio-ethanol e tšoana ka lik'hemik'hale le petroleum-e nkiloeng ho ethanol empa e tsoa mehloling e ka nchafatsoang.

Ethyl lactate, e hlahisoang ke poone ea poone, e sebetsa e le mokhoa o sireletsehileng ho feta ethyl acetate le acetone. Bio ena{{1}e sebetsa hantle bakeng sa ho hloekisa litšepe, ho hlobolisa pente, le joalo ka setlolo se tlotsang. Ho senyeha ha eona le chefo e tlase li lumellana le lits'ebetso moo ho phehella ha tikoloho ho bakang matšoenyeho.

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), e nkiloeng ho likhekhe tsa poone le mokotleng oa 'moba, e fana ka mefuta e meng e tala ho feta dichloromethane le tetrahydrofuran e tloaelehileng. Ether ena ea cyclic e fumane lits'ebetso ho motsoako oa meriana le tlhahiso ea polymer.

Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone)e emela popontshwa ya moraorao ya dihlapolli tse tala. E kopantsoe le litšila tsa cellulose ka mokhoa o batlang o le matla-o sa nke lehlakore, Cyrene e fana ka chefo e tlase 'me e ka nka sebaka sa dimethylformamide (DMF) le N{{2}methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) lits'ebetsong tse ngata. E ipakile e sebetsa hantle tlhahisong ea graphene le karabelo ea ho kopanya khabone. Cyrene e ile ea ananeloa ka likhau tse 'maloa bakeng sa boqapi ba eona le mangolo a eona a ts'ebetso.

Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tse tebileng tsa Eutectic (NADESs)e theha sehlopha se hlahang sa metsoako e tala e entsoeng ka ho kopanya metsoako ea tlhaho e kang choline chloride, urea, glycerol, le organic acid. Metsoako ena ea eutectic e lula e le metsi mochesong oa kamore ho sa tsotellehe likarolo tsa eona tse tiileng. Li-NADE li fana ka chefo e tlase, biodegradability, le bokhoni ba ho qhibilihisa lintho tse fapaneng. Lisebelisoa tsa bona li kenyelletsa ho ntšoa ha metsoako ea bioactive ho tsoa limela, motsoako oa meriana, le chemistry ea tlhahlobo.

Mmaraka{{0}e thehiloeng ho lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho o holile haholo, ka likhakanyo tse bonts'ang katoloso e tsoelang pele. Lipatlisiso tsa Allied Market li hakanya hore 'maraka oa lihlahisoa tse tala le likokoana-hloko{2}o tla ngolisa sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa 4.3% pakeng tsa 2014 le 2020. Tlhokahalo ea bareki ea lihlahisoa tse ikarabellang tikolohong, hammoho le litlhoko tsa taolo, li tsamaisa kholo ena.

Leha ho le joalo, lihlapolli tse tala li tobana le mathata. Ha ba e-s'o khone ho fetola li-solvents tse tloaelehileng lits'ebetsong tsohle ka lebaka la mefokolo ea ts'ebetso kapa litšenyehelo tse phahameng. Li-feedstocks tse ling{{2}tse ling li qothisana lehlokoa le tlhahiso ea lijo, ho hlahisa lipotso tsa ho tsoela pele. Tekolo- ea bophelo ba lihlapolli tse tala e tlameha ho ela hloko letoto lohle la tsona la tlhahiso, ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa temo, matla a ho sebetsa, le lipalangoang.

Ha ho solvent e "tala" ka mokhoa o phethahetseng maemong ohle. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tlameha ho hlahlojoa ho latela ts'ebeliso ea eona e ikhethileng, ho nahanoa ka mekhoa ea tlhahiso, menyetla ea ho e sebelisa hape, pheletso-ea{2}}ea ho sebelisoa ha bophelo, le katleho ea ts'ebetso ka kakaretso. Sepheo ha se motsoako o le mong o motala o motala empa ke lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa mefuta e meng e sireletsehileng e tsamaellanang le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng.

Ho khetha motsoako o nepahetseng oa motsoako bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e itseng ho hloka ho leka-lekanya lintlha tse ngata. Litataiso tsa khetho ea solvent li entsoe ho thusa litsebi tsa k'hemistri le lienjineri ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo.

Solubility parametersbolela esale pele hore na solvent e tla qhibiliha ntho e itseng. Molao-motheo oa "joaloka ha o qhibiliha joalo ka" o fana ka sebaka sa ho qala-litlhapi tsa polar li qhala metsoako ea polar, athe tse seng{2}}lihlahisoa tsa polar tsona li qhibilihisa-lintho tse se nang polar. Hansen solubility parameters e fana ka mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa-mokhoa oa mahlakore a mararo, o arola polarity hore e be matla a qhalakaneng, likamano tsa polar, le likaroloana tsa hydrogen bonding.

Maikutlo a karabeloka metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa solvent ka sekhahla sa karabelo, selectivity, le chai. Solvent polarity e susumetsa mekhoa ea karabelo. Li-protic solvents (tse nang le bokhoni ba ho kopanya hydrogen) li itšoara ka tsela e fapaneng ho feta li-aprotic solvents (tse se nang) liketsong tse ngata. Litlhoko tsa thempereichara li ka 'na tsa laela khetho ea solvent{3}}mesebetsi ea lithempereichara tse phahameng e hloka lihlapolli tse belang tse phahameng-, athe matla a tlaase{5}} a hloka lihlapolli tse lulang li le metsi maemong ao.

Ts'ebetso e tlasee ama khetho ea solvent. Haeba sehlahisoa se tlameha ho aroloa ho solvent, boiketlo ba litaba tsa karohano. Litlhapi tse feto-fetohang li lumella mouoane habonolo. Litlhapi tse sa tsitsang li thusa ho ntša mokelikeli-mokelikeli. Mekhoa e meng e sebelisoa hape le ho e sebelisa hape, ho etsa hore botsitso le boiketlo ba tlhoekiso e be tsa bohlokoa.

Boemo ba tikoloho, bophelo bo botle le polokeho (EHS).e boima haholo khethong ea sejoale-joale ea solvent. Lisebelisoa tse kang tataiso ea khetho ea solvent ea CHEM21 li thusa ho tseba mekhoa e meng e sireletsehileng. Litataiso tsena li beha lihlapolli ka mekhahlelo e mengata: polokeho (ho chesa, ho sebetsa hape), bophelo bo botle (chefo e matla, litlamorao tse sa foleng), tikoloho (ho phehella, chefo ea metsing), le bothata ba kalafo ea litšila.

Mabaka a moruokenyeletsa litšenyehelo tsa solvent, tse fapaneng haholo, le litlhoko tsa motheo. Li-solvents tse khethehileng li ka hloka lisebelisoa tse theko e boima bakeng sa ho thibela kapa ho hlaphoheloa. Litšenyehelo tsa taolo ea melao-tumello, ho beha leihlo, ho tlaleha{3}}li eketsa litšenyehelo tsa ho sebelisa lihlapolli tse itseng.

Mekhoa e tsoakiloeng ea solventhangata e fana ka ts'ebetso e ntle ho feta li-solvents tse le 'ngoe. Li-binary kapa tsa ternary li ka kopanya melemo ea li-solvents tse fapaneng ha li ntse li fokotsa mefokolo. Li-electrolyte tsa betri ea lithium li fana ka mohlala oa mokhoa ona, li kopanya li-solvents ho fihlela likhahla tse phahameng tsa dielectric le viscosity e tlase.

Theknoloji ea solvent ea Organic e tsoela pele ho fetoha ho latela litlhoko tsa theknoloji le litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso.

Solvent{0}mekhoa ea mahalaemela sepheo se loketseng k'hemistri e tala. Moo ho ka khonehang, ho felisa lihlapolli ho tlosa ka ho feletseng likotsi le litšenyehelo tse amanang le tsona. Maikutlo a tiileng-, a makhethe (li-reactants tse tsoakiloeng ntle le mokelikeli), le mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale e ntšetsa pele sepheo sena. Leha ho le joalo, likopo tse ngata li ntse li hloka li-solvents bakeng sa ts'ebetsong e sebetsang.

Mekelikeli e makatsang, haholo-holo supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), fana ka mokhoa o mong ho li-solvents tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhaho. Ka holim'a thempereichara le khatello e matla, CO₂ e fetoha lero le nang le mokelikeli-joaloka tekano empa khase{2}}e tšoana le diffusivity. ScCO₂ e qhala lintho tse ngata tseo e seng{4}}polar, ha e hlahise masala a chefo, 'me e arohana habonolo ka ho fokotsa khatello. Indasteri ea kofi e sebelisa scCO₂ bakeng sa decaffeination. Ho ntšoa ha meriana le ho sebetsa ha polymer le tsona li sebelisa maro a supercritical. Litlhoko tsa thepa e phahameng{{8}e phahameng le polarity e lekanyelitsoeng li thibela ho amoheloa ka bongata.

Mekelikeli ea ionice na le li-ion tse lulang li le metsi mochesong oa kamore. Lisebelisoa tsena tse hlapollang li ka ikamahanya le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng ka ho khetha mefuta e nepahetseng ea cation{1}}anion. Khatello ea bona ea mouoane e sa tsotelleng e thibela ho ntšoa ha sepakapaka. Leha ho le joalo, lino tse ngata tsa ionic li na le toxicology e sa tsejoeng, motsoako oa tsona o ka bitsa chelete e ngata, 'me ho sebelisoa hape ho hloka tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe.

Tlhahlobo ea computational solvente potlakisa khetho ea solvent ka ho etsa mohlala oa limolek'hule le ho ithuta ka mochini. Ho bolela esale pele ka thepa ea mokelikeli, liphetho, le litlamorao tsa tikoloho ho fokotsa liteko tsa liteko{1}}le{2}}phoso. Lisebelisoa tsena li thusa ho khetholla bakhethoa ba tšepisang ho tsoa libakeng tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale.

Li-solvents tse nang le fluorinated bakeng sa libeteri tse tsoetseng pelefumana tlhokomelo e matla ea lipatlisiso. -moloko o latelang libeteri tsa lithium tse nang le matla a phahameng a motlakase le matla a mangata li hloka solvents tse tsitsitseng ka holimo ho 4.8V. Likhabonete tse nang le fluorinated le ethers li bontša tšepiso. Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate le metsoako e meng e nang le fluorinated e lumella lithium tse phahameng{{5}lithium{6}}li-cathodes tse ngata le lithium metal anode.

Tharollo ea ho hlabolla le ho hlaphoheloamahlale a ntlafatsa ho tšoarella. Distillation e arola metsoako e tsoakiloeng ho latela phapang ea ntlha e belang. Karohano ea li-membrane, adsorption, le lits'ebetso tse tsoetseng pele tsa oxidation lia hlaphoheloa le ho hloekisa lihlapolli tse sebelisitsoeng. Litsamaiso tse koetsoeng tsa{3}}loop li fokotsa tšebeliso e ncha ea solvent le tlhahiso ea litšila.

Indasteri ea solvent ea organic e tobane le tsitsipano e tsoelang pele lipakeng tsa litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso le lipheo tsa ts'ebetso. Lisebelisoa tse ling li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa fumana mefuta e meng e lekaneng e tala, e hlokang ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea li-solvents tsa setso tlas'a taolo e thata. Lits'ebetso tse ling li tla fetohela ho mekhoa ea {{2}e thehiloeng ho bio, e seng kotsi, kapa e se nang tharollo{3}ka ho feletseng. Taba e supa ho mefuta e mengata e fapaneng, ea ts'ebeliso-sehlopha sa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tsa solvent tse etelletsang pele polokeho le boikarabello ba tikoloho.

Lipatlisiso mabapi le sebopeho-likamano tsa thepa li tsoela pele ho senola hore na sebopeho sa limolek'hule se etsa qeto ea hore na mokelikeli o teng joang. Tsebo ena e etsa hore ho be le moralo o utloahalang oa lihlapolli tse ncha tse lokiselitsoeng merero e itseng. Motsoako oa melao-motheo ea k'hemistri e tala, mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea sebopeho, le lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha li fetola theknoloji ea organic solvent bakeng sa lekholo la bo21 la lilemo.

Organic Solvents

Sehlahisoa sa tlhaho se na le liathomo tsa khabone e le karolo ea sebopeho sa eona sa molek'hule, hangata se kopantsoeng le hydrogen, oksijene, naetrojene kapa liathomo tsa halogen. Sena se khetholla lihlapolli tsa manyolo ho tsoa ho lihlapolli tse sa sebetseng joalo ka metsi (H₂O) kapa ammonia ea metsi e hlokang khabone. Sebopeho se thehiloeng ho carbon- se fa metsoako ea tlhaho bokhoni ba ho qhibilihisa metsoako e meng ea tlhaho.

Ha se lihlahisoa tsohle tsa manyolo tse nang le chefo e lekanang. Chefo e fapana haholo ho latela sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale. Ethanol e bontša chefo e batlang e le tlase 'me e hlaha linong le meriana. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, benzene e chefo haholo ebile e baka kankere. Carbon tetrachloride e baka tšenyo e matla ea sebete. Mokelikeli o mong le o mong o hloka tlhahlobo ea motho ka mong ea likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ka lipampiri tsa lintlha tsa polokeho le litataiso tsa taolo.

E, lihlapolli tse ngata tsa tlhaho li ka sebelisoa hape ka distillation, tse arolang likarolo ho latela lintlha tse fapaneng tse belang. Liindasteri tsa lik'hemik'hale li lula li hlaphoheloa 'me li sebelisa lihlapolli hape ho fokotsa litšenyehelo le phello ea tikoloho. Ho khonahala ha ho sebelisoa hape ho ipapisitse le mofuta oa mokelikeli, litlhoko tsa bohloeki, le boemo ba tšilafalo. Lisebelisoa tse ling li hloka li-solvents tse sa tsoakoang ha tse ling li amohela lisebelisoa tse nchafalitsoeng.

Libetri tsa lithium li hloka metsoako ea tlhaho hobane lithium e sebetsa ka mabifi ka metsi, e etsa hore li-electrolyte tse nang le metsi li se ke tsa khoneha. Li-solvents tsa carbonate li qhibilihisa letsoai la lithium ha li ntse li lula li tsitsitse ka mokhoa oa electrochemical ho pholletsa le mefuta ea matla a betri. Li boetse li etsa lifilimi tse sireletsang holim'a li-electrode tse thibelang ho bola ho eketsehileng. Motsoako o khethehileng oa ethylene carbonate le linear carbonates o fana ka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea conductivity ea ionic le tšireletso ea electrode.

Organic solvents ke maro a khabone{{0}a bohlokoa ho tsoa liindastering ho tloha ho tsa meriana ho isa ho tsa elektroniki, ka metsoako e fetang 200 e fanang ka lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng.

Likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle le polokeho li fapana haholo har'a lihlapolli tsa tlhaho, ho tloha ho ethanol e batlang e le benign ho ea ho carcinogenic benzene, e hlokang taolo e tiileng ea ho pepeseha le lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng tsa ts'ireletso.

Theknoloji ea betri ea lithium e itšetlehile haholo ka li-solvents tsa carbonate tse qhibilihisang letsoai la lithium, li tsamaisa li-ion pakeng tsa li-electrode, 'me li etsa lifilimi tse sireletsang tse nolofalletsang bophelo bo bolelele ba betri.

Mefuta e meng e tala ho kenyeletsoa{{0}litlhapi tse thehiloeng ho bioloji, metsoako ea tlhaho e tebileng ea eutectic, le metsoako ea fluorinated butle-butle e nka sebaka sa oli e kotsi-e nkiloeng

Khetho ea ho qhibilihisa e hloka ho leka-lekanya lintlha tse ngata tse kenyeletsang matla a qhibilihang, boemo ba polokeho, phello ea tikoloho, litšenyehelo, le ts'ebeliso-litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa ts'ebetso.