Ho Hlakola Battery ke Eng?
Tlhahiso ea betri ea lefats'e e eketsehile ka 300% ho tloha ka 2020, e tsamaisoang haholo ke ho amoheloa ha likoloi tsa motlakase le tlhoko ea polokelo ea matla e tsosolositsoeng. Khōlo ena e matla e baka phephetso e kholo: ntle le mekhoa ea mekhoa e metle ea ho hlaphoheloa, limilione tsa lithane tsa thepa ea bohlokoa li qetella li le litsing tsa lithōle ha mesebetsi ea merafo e ntse e tsoela pele ho fokotsa lisebelisoa tse lekanyelitsoeng. Phetoho ea betri e rarolla qaka ena ka ho fetola libeteri tse sebelisoang hape le mehloli e meng ea matla hore e be lijo tsa tlhahiso e ncha, e leng ho fetolang tsela eo re atamelang ts'ebetso ea polokelo ea matla.
The Core Value Proposition of Battery Recycling
Ts'ebetso ea betri e emela ho khutlisetsoa morao le ho ntlafala ha lisebelisoa ho tsoa libetering tse sebelisitsoeng, ho fetola se neng se tla fetoha litšila tse kotsi hore e be lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahiso. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho bokella, ho hlopha, ho qhaqha, le ho sebelisa mekhoa e khethehileng ea ho ntša tšepe, li-electrolyte le likarolo tse ling bakeng sa ho sebelisoa hape tlhahisong e ncha ea betri kapa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa indasteri.
Bohlokoa bo fetela ka nģ'ane ho taolo e bonolo ea litšila. Ts'ebetso ea sejoale-joale ea ho recycle e fumana litefiso tse fetang 95% bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ling tse kang cobalt le nickel ho tsoa liseleng tsa lithium-ion. Bokhoni bona ba thekenoloji bo fetola moruo oa tlhahiso ea libeteri, ho fokotsa ho its'etleha ho ts'ebetso ea merafo e sa sebetseng e nang le likotsi tse kholo tsa tikoloho le lipolotiki.
Nahana ka matla a thepa: pakete e tloaelehileng ea betri ea koloi ea motlakase e na le hoo e ka bang lik'hilograma tse 8 tsa lithium, lik'hilograma tse 35 tsa nickel, le lik'hilograma tse 20 tsa cobalt. Ha e atolosoa ho li-EV tse limilione tse 14 tse rekisitsoeng lefats'eng ka bophara ka 2024 (IEA), thepa e fetoha e makatsang. Mehaho ea ho tsosolosa e ka boela ea khutlisa 96% ea lisebelisoa tsena, ho theha phallo e chitja e fokotsang haholo tlhoko ea ho ntšoa ha lintho tse ncha.
Phapang lipakeng tsa recycle le disposal e bohlokoa haholo. Ho lahleloa ka har'a lithōle ho lumella lisebelisoa tse chefo joalo ka lead, mercury le cadmium ho kena lits'ebetsong tsa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše. EPA e hakanya hore libeteri li etsa karolo ea 88% ea litšepe tse boima tse chefo sebakeng sa lithōle tsa 'masepala oa US leha li emela karolo e ka tlase ho 1% ea kakaretso ea litšila. Tšebeliso e nepahetseng e felisa moroalo ona oa tikoloho ha ka nako e le 'ngoe e hapa boleng ba moruo.
Litšiea tse tharo tsa Motheo tse Tšehetsang Ts'ebetso ea Battery
Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea betri e itšetlehile ka litšiea tse tharo tse hokahaneng tse etsang hore tikoloho e tšoarelle. Tšiea e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e matlafatsa tse ling, e theha tsamaiso eo ho eona tlhokahalo ea tikoloho e lumellanang le likhothatso tsa moruo le litlhoko tsa tšireletso ea mehloli.
Ho utloisisa litšiea tsena ho hlakisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha ts'ebetso ea betri e fetohile ho tloha takatsong ea tikoloho ho ba tlhokahalo ea indasteri. Baetsi ba likoloi tse kholo joale ba tiisa ka konteraka hore 90% kapa ho feta ea lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa betri li tla tsoa mehloling e nchafalitsoeng ka 2030, ho bonts'a ts'epo ea boleng ba sistimi.
Litšiea tse tharo-ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa, le ts'ebetso ea moruo{1}}ha li sebetse ka boikemelo. Katleho ea theknoloji ea ho sebelisa lintho hape e ntlafatsang litefiso tsa ho hlaphoheloa ka nako e le 'ngoe e fokotsa tšusumetso ea tikoloho, e theola litšenyehelo tsa thepa, le ho fokotsa tlokotsi ea phepelo ea thepa. Khokahano ena e theha li-loops tse ntle tse potlakisang ho amoheloa.
McKinsey o hakanya hore 'maraka oa ho sebelisa betri o tla fihla ho $95 bilione lefatšeng ka bophara ka 2030., e susumetsoang haholo-holo ke ho hōla ha litšiea tsena tse tharo tse tšehetsang. Khōlo ha se ntho e inahaneloang; e ipapisitse le bokhoni bo bonts'itsoeng ba tekheniki le likhothatso tse hlakileng tsa moruo.
Pilara ea 1: Tšireletso ea Tikoloho ka Selika-likoe
Nyeoe ea tikoloho bakeng sa litsi tsa phepelo ea betri e maemong a mabeli a bohlokoa: ho thibela tšilafalo le ho fokotsa sebaka sa ho hula.
Libetri tse sebelisoang li na le lisebelisoa tse bakang likotsi tse tebileng tsa tikoloho ha li sa sebetsoe hantle. Libetri- tsa asiti, tse ntseng li le matla haholo lits'ebetsong tsa likoloi, li na le loto e chefo e ngata e bokellanang linthong tse phelang. Lithium-mefuta ea ion e na le li-electrolyte tse fluorinated tse ka ntšang khase ea hydrogen fluoride ha e senyehile. Nickel-lisele tsa cadmium li na le cadmium, e leng carcinogen e se nang monyetla o sireletsehileng oa ho pepeseha. Recycling e hapa lisebelisoa tsena tse kotsi maemong a laoloang a liindasteri ho fapana le ho li lumella hore li lokolloe butle-butle ka ho lahloa ha lithōle.
Phokotso ea mehato ea ts'ebetso e bontša hore e na le tšusumetso e tšoanang. Mesebetsi ea merafo e hlokehang ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa betri tse sa tsoakoang li hlahisa 15-lithane tse 20 tsa litšila ka tone ka 'ngoe ea lithium e hloekisitsoeng, ho latela boitsebiso ba US Geological Survey. Meepo ea cobalt naheng ea Democratic Republic of Congo{7}mohloli oa 70% ea phepelo ea lefats'e e baka tšilafalo e kholo ea metsi le tšenyo ea libaka. Ts'ebetso ea merafo ea Nickel Indonesia e potlakisitse ho senngoa ha meru ea tropike ka litheko tse fetang lihekthere tse 100,000 selemo le selemo.
Recycling e sitisa nako ena ea ho ntša. Phuputso ea 2024 ea MIT e bonts'itse hore ho fumana lisebelisoa ho tsoa libetering tse sebelisoang hape ho fokotsa ho ntšoa ha khase e futhumatsang lefatše ka 40-60% ha ho bapisoa le tlhahiso ea mantlha e tsoang ore e epiloeng. Monyetla oa khabone o bakoa ke ho felisa ts'ebetso e matla ea merafo, ho pshatla le ho qhibilihisa e hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea thepa e sa tsoakoang.
-Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha nnete lefatsheng ho netefatsa melemo ena ya tikoloho.Li-Baesekele, K'hamphani ea Amerika Leboea e sebelisang lisebelisoa, e sebetsana le lithane tse ka bang 10,000 tsa lisebelisoa tsa betri selemo le selemo setsing sa eona sa Rochester, ho fumana lisebelisoa tse neng li ka hloka ho rafa liponto tse limilione tse 50 tsa ore. Setsi sena se sebetsa ka 80% ea tšebeliso e tlase ea metsi le tšebeliso e tlase ea 60% ea matla ha e bapisoa le ts'ebetso e lekanang ea tlhahiso ea mantlha.
Mohopolo oa melao-motheo ea moruo oa selikalikoe o fetela ka nģ'ane ho ho tsosolosa habonolo ho ea ho moralo oa tsamaiso. Lik'hemik'hale tsa betri tsa ka moso li ntse li etsoa enjene ho tloha qalong bakeng sa ho sebelisoa hape, ka liforomo tse emeng tsa lisele le meralo ea pakete ea modular e nolofatsang ho qhaqha. Moralo ona-bakeng sa-mokhoa oa ho sebelisa hape o ka eketsa pheletso-ea{5}}litekanyo tsa ho fola ho tloha maemong a hajoale a 5% ho isa ho feta 50% ka 2030.
Pilara ea 2: Tšireletso ea Mohloli ho Phepelo ea Lintho Tse Bohlokoa
Tlhahiso ea betri e ipapisitse le sete e tsepamisitsoeng le e thibetsoeng sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa. Lithium, cobalt, nickel, le graphite-likarolo tse nne tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa libeteri tsa lithium-ion-mafutsana a phepelo ea sefahleho a sokelang lebelo le botsitso ba phetoho ea motlakase.
Thepa ea phepelo e baka tlokotsi. China e laola 80% ea matla a lefats'e a -eleng ea ho sebetsa ha betri ea lithium hydroxide leha e na le 6% feela ea mehloli ea lithium. Tlhahiso ea cobalt e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho 70% naheng ea Democratic Republic of Congo, moo ho se tsitse lipolotiking le mefokolo ea mekhoa ea motheo e bakang ho hloka botsitso ho sa feleng. Khatiso ena e fa linaha kapa lik'hamphani matla a sa lekanyetsoang holim'a liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Tlhokahalo ealibeteri tsa lithium li betri tse nchafalitsoenglikoloing tsa motlakase le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki li ekelitse bofokoli bona, ka likhaello tsa thepa tse khonang ho thibela liindasteri kaofela.
Maikutlo a Gartner's 2024 Critical Materialstlhokahalo ea merero ea lisebelisoa tsa betri e tla feta matla a teng a merafo ka 2027 ntle le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho tsosolosa. Khaello ha e fokotse{2}e lekanyelitsoeng hore likhaello li fihla ho 30% bakeng sa lithium le 25% bakeng sa cobalt ho latela menahano ea hajoale. Khaello ena e ka sitisa kholo ea tlhahiso ea EV le phepelo ea polokelo ea matla e nchafalitsoeng.
Recycling e fana ka karabelo ea leano mabapi le phepelo ea lintho. Ts'ebetso ea lehae ea ts'ebetsong e fetola libeteri tse tsoang kantle ho naha hore e be phepelo ea thepa ea lapeng, e fokotsang ho its'etleha mesebetsing ea merafo ea kantle ho naha. United States hajoale e kenya 100% ea cobalt ea eona le 95% ea lithium ea eona. Nts'etsopele e matla ea ntlafatso ea meaho e ka fana ka 30% ea tlhokahalo ea lisebelisoa tsa betri ea lapeng ka 2030, ho latela likhakanyo tsa Lefapha la Matla.
Moruo oa ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa o fetela ka nģ'ane ho litšenyehelo tsa thepa ho ea ho litefiso tsa botsitso ba phepelo. Ka 2021-ka 2022 litheko tsa lihlahisoa tsa lithium carbonate li eketsehile ka 550% ho tloha ho $9,000 ho isa ho $58,000 ka tone. Ho hloka botsitso hona ho baka ho se tsitse ha moralo bakeng sa bahlahisi. Phepelo ea thepa e tsosolositsoeng e fana ka botsitso ba litheko hobane litšenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa li lula li le teng ho sa tsotelehe ho fetoha ha theko ea thepa e sa tsoakoang.
Nahana ka taba eaLisebelisoa tsa Redwood, e thehiloeng ke Tesla CTO JB Straubel oa mehleng. Khampani e sirelelitse litumellano tsa phepelo ea libeteri le Ford, Toyota, le Volvo ho sebetsana le-ea{2}}life pack. Litšebelisano tsena li theha -likhokahano tsa phepelo tse koetsoeng moo bahlahisi ba fanang ka tiisetso ea lijo bakeng sa batho ba hlasimollang ha batho ba hlasimollang ba tiisetsa phepelo ea thepa bakeng sa bahlahisi. Sebopeho sena sa boitlamo se lumellanang se fana ka bonnete ba hore likonteraka tsa phepelo ea merafo ea khale li ke ke tsa lumellana.
Tšiea ea ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa e fumana matla a eketsehileng ho tsoa ntlafatsong ea theknoloji lits'ebetsong tsa ho hlaphoheloa. -mesebetsi ea bobeli ea phetisetso ea moloko oa bobeli e fihlella maemo a bohloeki a 99.9% bakeng sa lithium e fumanehileng, e nyallanang kapa e fetang boleng ba thepa e rafiloeng. Tekano ena ea bohloeki e felisa tšitiso efe kapa efe ea ts'ebetso, e etsa hore lisebelisoa tse recycled li nkele sebaka ka kotloloho tlhahisong e ncha ea betri.
Pilara ea 3: Ts'ebetso ea Moruo ka Pholiso ea Boleng
Boemo ba moruo ba ho sebelisa betri bo fetohile haholo. Lilemong tse leshome le metso e mehlano tse fetileng, ts'ebetso ea ho sebelisa betri e ne e le ts'ebetso-e tsamaellanang le moruo o fokolang. Kajeno, ke setsi sa phaello se nang le meputso e bonts'itsoeng e hohelang matsete a bohlokoa.
Tlhahiso ea boleng e ipapisitse le boleng ba thepa e fumanoeng. Ka litheko tsa 'maraka tsa 2024, pakete ea betri ea EV e sebelisitsoeng e na le thepa e ka khutlisoang ea boleng ba $1,200- $1,500. Litsenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa li tloha ho $ 600- $ 800 pakete ka 'ngoe, ho itšetlehile ka k'hemistri le katleho ea setsi, ho fana ka marang-rang a 40-60%. Meeli ena e bapisoa hantle le indasteri ea khale ea ho lokisa thepa.
Boleng ba boleng bo fapana ho ea ka khemistri ea betri. Bakeng sa pakete e tloaelehileng ea NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt)-ion pack:
Nickel: $450-500 (38% ea boleng)
Cobalt: $350-400 (30%)
Lithium: $250-300 (22%)
Koporo le aluminium: $100-120 (10%)
Bongata ba boleng ho limetale tse tharo-nickel, cobalt, le lithium{1}}bo nolofatsa lipalo tsa moruo le ho etsa hore ho sebelisoa hape ho sebetsa le ka litefiso tse itekanetseng tsa ho khutlisa.
Litharollo tse tsoetseng pele tsa Microgrid, e leng setsi sa-sa boholo bo boholo ba polokelo ea matla California, se kentse tšebetsong{1}lenane la ho khutlisa betri ka 2023. K'hamphani e sebetsana le lits'ebetso tse 500 tsa libeteri tsa khoebo selemo le selemo ka tšebelisano 'moho le setsi sa tikoloho sa ho li sebelisa hape. Chelete ea ho khutlisa thepa e fokotsa 65% ea litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso ea lenaneo, athe ho boloka bareki ho ntlafalitsoeng ho tsoa lenaneong la ts'ebetso ho hlahisa $450,000 e eketsehileng lekenong la selemo le selemo.
Melao e Atolositsoeng ea Boikarabello ba Moetsi (EPR) e holisa likhothaletso tsa moruo ka ho feto-fetoha-ea{1}}litjeho tsa taolo ea bophelo ho bahlahisi. European Union's Regulation Bettery, e sebetsang ka 2024, e hloka hore bahlahisi ba lefelle ka lichelete tsa ho bokella le ho li sebelisa hape. Phetoho ena ea taolo e fetola ho sebelisoa hape ho tloha ho ts'ebetso ea boikhethelo ea CSR ho ea tlhokahalong e tlamang ea ts'ebetso, e netefatsang phepelo e tsitsitseng ea lijo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso.
Monyetla oa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso o hola joalo ka sekala sa ho sebelisa hape. Tlhahiso ea cobalt ea Virgin cobalt ho tsoa Congo e hloka lipalangoang tse ngata-hangata tse 8,{3}} limaele ho ea lifekthering tsa libeteri tsa Asia{4}}hammoho le ho qhibilihisa le ho hloekisoa. Cobalt e nchafalitsoeng e sebetsoa ka lapeng e felisa boholo ba lipalangoang tsena mme e fokotsa mehato ea ts'ebetso.Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo ea Khoebo ea Harvardho baloa hore litšenyehelo tsa thepa e sebelisoang hape li tsamaisa 40% ka tlase ho tse lekanang le thepa ea boleng bo holimo bakeng sa bahlahisi ba Amerika Leboea.
Phaello ka tekanyo e bontšitsoe.Umicore, k'hamphani ea thekenoloji ea thepa ea Belgian, e sebetsa setsing se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa Europe sa ho sebelisa li-betri ho Hoboken, se sebetsana le lithane tse 7,000 tsa libeteri selemo le selemo tse nang le likarolo tse fetang 20%. Setsi sena se sebelitse khafetsa ho tloha 2011, se pakang moruo o tsitsitseng ka mekhahlelo e mengata ea litheko tsa thepa.
Tšiea ea moruo e matlafala ha palo ea betri e ntse e eketseha. Litšenyehelo tse tsitsitseng tsa lisebelisoa tse ikgethileng tsa ho recycled le meaho e phatlalla le palo e kgolo ya disebediswa, ho fokotsa{1}litjeho ho ya ka yuniti ya ho sebetsa hape. Likhakanyo tsa indasteri li bonts'a hore litšenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa li ka theoha ka 30-40% ka 2030 joalo ka ha lits'ebeletso li eketseha ho tloha ho lithane tse 5,000-10,000 tsa selemo le selemo ho isa ho tse 50,{9}} ts'ebetso ea lithane.
Kamoo ho Hlakola Battery ka Ha e le Hantle ho Sebetsang: The Kemplementation Framework
Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea betri e kenyelletsa-methati e mengata e rarahaneng e leka-lekaneng ts'ebetso ea ho hlaphoheloa ha thepa, litlhoko tsa polokeho, le ts'ebetso ea moruo. Ho utloisisa moralo ona ho hlakisa likatleho tsa tekheniki le liphephetso tse setseng.
Pokello le Lipalangoang
Ts'ebetso e qala ka ho theha marang-rang a pokello. Bakeng sa libeteri tsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, mabenkele a -ea morao manane a etsa hore ho be bonolo ho fokotsa{2}libaka. Best Buy, Home Depot, le barekisi ba ka sehloohong ba lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ba boloka meqomo moo bareki ba kenyang libeteri tse sebelisitsoeng ntle ho tefo. Call2Recycle, mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa Amerika Leboea, o hokahanya libaka tsa pokello ea 34,000 tse sebetsanang le libeteri tse limilione tse 12 selemo le selemo.
Libetri tsa koloi ea motlakase li latela litsela tse fapaneng. Marangrang a barekisi hangata a sebetsana le litefiso tsa EV pack ha likoloi li fihla pheletsong{-ea bophelo kapa li hloka ho nchafatsoa. Libetri tsena li kenya marang-rang a khethehileng a etselitsoeng-lithium-litsamaiso tse kholo tsa li-ion. Lipalangoang li hloka liphutheloana tse netefalitsoeng ke DOT{7} le basebetsi ba koetlisitsoeng ba hazmat{8}ka lebaka la kotsi ea mollo o tsoang liseleng tse senyehileng.
Tlhophiso le Kelo
Ha li fihla litsing tsa ho sebelisoa hape, libeteri li hlophisoa ka botlalo. Mohato ona o bonahala o le bohlokoa hobane lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng li hloka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho tsosolosa. Libetri tsa alkaline li sebelisa karohano ea mochini. Nickel-cadmium e hloka karohano ea vacuum. Lithium-ion e hloka mekhoa e tsoetseng pele.
Mehaho e tsoetseng pele e sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa ho hlopha ka boiketsetso tse sebelisang X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ho tseba lik'hemik'hale tsa betri ka mor'a metsotsoana. Ho hlopha ka letsoho, ho ntse ho tloaelehile lits'ebetsong tse nyane, ho itšetlehile ka matšoao a kantle le tlhahlobo ea motlakase. Libetri tse sa tsejoeng hantle li ka silafatsa lisebelisoa kapa tsa baka likotsi tsa ts'ireletso nakong ea ts'ebetso.
Tekolo e etsa qeto ea boemo ba matla a setseng. Libetri tse bolokang tefiso e kholo li tlameha ho tsoa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng pele li sebetsa. Lipakete tsa libeteri tsa indasteri tse tsoang ho li-EV kapa lits'ebetso tsa polokelo ea matla hangata li boloka 50-70% ea matla a mantlha nakong ea ho tlohela mosebetsi, e leng ho hlokang hore ho sebelisoe tlhahlobo hape kapa liprothokholo tsa taolo tse laoloang.
Ho qhaqha le Karohano ea Lintho
Phapang ea 'mele e fapana haholo ho ea ka mofuta oa betri. Lisele tse nyane tsa bareki hangata li kena lits'ebetsong tse senyang tse senyang likarolo tsa betri. Motsoako o hlahisoang o kena karohano ea makenete (ho tlosa lik'hasete tsa tšepe), karohano ea eddy (bakeng sa aluminium le koporo), le karohano e thehiloeng ho density{2}(bakeng sa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa thepa).
Libetri tsa-tse kholo tsa mofuta oa EV li hloka ho qhaqha ka letsoho. Litsebi li tlosa li-module ho liphutheloana tsa mekotla, li arola likarolo tsa tsamaiso ea mocheso, 'me li ntša lisele ka bomong. Ts'ebetso ena-e matla e nka 30-40% ea kakaretso ea litšenyehelo tsa ho sebelisa hape empa hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho sebetsana ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng-ea lits'ebetso tsa matla a mangata.
K'hamphani e 'ngoe e bohareng-ea tlhahiso ea Michigan,Sistimi ea Battery e nepahetseng, e hlahisitse mohala o ikemetseng oa disassembly bakeng sa li-module tsa EV tse tloaelehileng. Sistimi e fokotsa litlhoko tsa mosebetsi oa matsoho ka 60% ha e ntse e ntlafatsa polokeho ka ts'ebetso e hole. Khampani e sebetsana le li-module tsa 200 beke le beke, lisebelisoa tse tsosolosang tse fanang ka moetsi oa cathode oa libaka.
Tsoelo-pele ea Boitsebiso: Pyrometallurgy vs. Hydrometallurgy
Litheknoloji tse peli tsa mantlha li laola ho ntšoa ha thepa ea 'nete: pyrometallurgical le hydrometallurgical process.
Pyrometallurgye sebetsa-mocheso o phahameng (1,400-1,600℃) ho senya lisebelisoa tsa betri. Mocheso o matla o chesa likarolo tsa tlhaho ha litšepe li qhibiliha ho ba li-alloys tse ka khutlisoang. Ts'ebetso ena e fihlella lihlahisoa tse ngata 'me e sebetsana le lihlahisoa tse tsoakiloeng ntle le ho hlophisoa ho hoholo pele. Leha ho le joalo, pyrometallurgy e sebelisa matla a mangata, e ntša likhase tsa CO2, 'me ha e khone ho khutlisa lithium ka katleho ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso ha mocheso oa ho qhibiliha. Litefiso tsa ho hlaphoheloa: nickel le cobalt 95%, lithium 0-5%.
Hydrometallurgye sebelisa leaching ea lik'hemik'hale ho qhala lisebelisoa tsa betri hore e be tharollo, ebe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng e potlakisa litšepe ka bomong ka tokiso ea pH le karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale tse lebisitsoeng ho tsona. Ts'ebetso ena e tlase-ea mocheso (60-90 degrees ) e fihlella litekanyetso tse holimo tsa ho fola, ho kenyeletsoa 90%+ ea ho hlaphoheloa ha lithium. Thekiso ea khoebo e tla nakong ea ts'ebetso (matsatsi khahlanong le lihora tsa pyrometallurgy) le litšenyehelo tsa ho kenya lik'hemik'hale. Litefiso tsa ho hlaphoheloa: lithium 90%, nickel 95%, cobalt 97%.
Lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele haholo li sebelisa mekhoa e nyalisitsoeng. Kalafo ea pele ea pyrometallurgical e etsa lihlahisoa tse mahareng, tse lateloang ke hydrometallurgical refinement ho fihlela boemo bo hloekileng ba betri{1}. Motsoako ona o ntlafatsa maemo a ho sebetsa le a ho hlaphoheloa.
Recycling ka kotlolohoe emela mokhoa oa boraro o hlahang o bolokang sebopeho sa kristale ea cathode, e lumellang tšebeliso e tobileng ntle le ho senya litšepe tsa motheo. Ts'ebetso ena e fokotsa haholo tšebeliso ea matla le ho ntlafatsa moruo, empa hajoale e sebetsana le lik'hemik'hale tse khethehileng tsa betri tse ntseng li ntlafatsoa. Ts'ebetso ea khoebo e ntse e fokola empa lik'hamphani tse 'maloa li ntse li leka ho e sebelisa ka kotloloho ka tekanyo ea lipontšo.
Taolo ea Boleng le Kabo ea Lintho
Thepa e fumanweng e lekoa ka thata ho netefatsa hore e fihlella{0}litekanyetso tsa boemo ba betri. Maemo a litšila a tlameha ho lula ka tlase ho 0.01% bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata. Kabo ea boholo ba likaroloana, mongobo, le sebopeho sa kristale kaofela li hloka netefatso.
Lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng li kenya liketane tsa phepelo ka liteishene tsa thekiso ea thepa e hlophisitsoeng kapa likamano tse tobileng le bahlahisi ba betri. Baetsi ba likoloi ba ka sehloohong ba hlakisa bonyane liphesente tse fetisitsoeng ho likonteraka tsa thepa, ba theha {1}ka lebaka la tlhokahalo ea lisebelisoa tse nchafalitsoeng tse lumellanang kapa tse fetang tse teng libakeng tse ngata.
Tsela ea Bokamoso ea ho Hlakola Battery
Phetoho ea libeteri e eme sebakeng sa phetoho moo kholo ea theknoloji, tšehetso ea taolo, le likhothaletso tsa moruo li kopanang ho tsamaisa katoloso e potlakileng.
Khatelo-pele ea theknoloji e tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa katleho ea ho hlaphoheloa le moruo. Bafuputsi Univesithing ea California San Diego ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e koetsoeng-ea li-loop recycling e etsang hore lithium e hlaphoheloe ka 98% ka ho sebelisa metsi{3}e hlapollang ka mocheso o itseng, ho felisa matla-e futhumatsang matla. Litlhahiso tse ts'oanang tsa ho tsosolosa ka ho toba li ka fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa ka 40-50% ha li ntse li ntlafatsa boleng ba thepa.
Mekhatlo ea taolo e potlakisa ts'ebetsong. Ka ntle ho Melao e Akaretsang ea Battery ea EU, Melao ea Boikarabelo ba Mohlahisi ea Atolositsoeng oa China (2024) e hloka 65% ea litaba tse tsosolositsoeng ka har'a libeteri tse ncha ka 2028. California's Battery Extended Producer Responsibility Act e laela bahlahisi hore ba fane ka litsamaiso tsa pokello ea lichelete 'me ba fihlele 80% ea litekanyetso tse itseng tsa 027 feela tsa ho bokelloa. matsete a maholo a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho tsosolosa lisebelisoa tsa motheo.
Khokahano ea indasteri le litšebelisano-mmoho li theha ketane ea phepelo e kopaneng. Baetsi ba ka sehloohong ba likoloi ba reka kapa ba tsetela lik'hamphaning tse hlabollang hape ho sireletsa thepa ea nako e telele-. Tšebelisano-'moho ea Tesla le Redwood Materials, matsete a GM ho Li{3}}Cycle, le setsi sa Volkswagen sa Salzgitter se bonts'a leano la bohlokoa la baetsi ba ho laola thepa ea morao-rao.
Phallo ea molumo e atamela ka potlako. Maqhubu a pele a libeteri tsa EV (2012-vintage ea 2016) a fihla pheletsong-ea bophelo lipakeng tsa 2025-2028, a etsa hore ho be le lijo tse ngata tse fumanehang. Merero ea DOE e tla eketseha ho tloha ho lithane tse 200,000 ka 2024 ho ea ho lithane tse limilione tse 2.5 ka 2035. Keketseho ena ea bophahamo e thusa meruo ea tekanyo e ntlafatsang moruo.
Mathata a hlahang a kenyelletsa litlhoko tsa maemo le lits'ebetso- tsa bobeli bophelong. Meetso ea pakete ea betri e fapana haholo ho bahlahisi, e thatafatsa mokhoa oa ho qhaqha. Lihlopha tse sebetsang tsa indasteri li ntse li theha libaka tsa khokahano tse emeng le lifomate tsa module ho nolofatsa ts'ebetso ea nako e tlang. Ho feta moo, libeteri tse ngata tsa EV li boloka matla a 70-80% ha koloi e tlohela mosebetsi, e leng se etsang hore e be tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa polokelo ea matla e sa sebetseng ho e-na le ho e sebelisa hape. Ho leka-lekanya lits'ebetso tsa bophelo ba bobeli le litlhoko tsa ho e sebelisa hape ho tla hloka tsamaiso e tsoetseng pele le litsamaiso tsa tlhahlobo.
Khokahano ea bohlale ba maiketsetso le liroboto e tšepisa ho rarolla mathata a basebetsi-a matla a ho qhaqholla. Sistimi ea pono ea komporo e ka khetholla mefuta ea betri, ea lekola boemo ba 'mele, le ho tataisa liroboto tse laolang ka tatellano ea ho qhaqha. Lits'ebetso tse 'maloa li nts'etsapele lits'ebetso tsena ka sepheo sa ho romelloa ka 2025-2026.
Ha re lebelletse pele, ts'ebetso ea betri e fetoha ho tloha taolong ea litšila ho ba meaho ea mahlale a phepelo ea phepelo. Phetoho ho likoloi tsa motlakase le polokelo ea matla a tsosolositsoeng e baka tlhokahalo ea thepa e ke keng ea finyelloa feela ka merafo. Ho sebelisa hape ha se feela boikarabello ba tikoloho empa ho bohlokoa moruong le ho hlokahala ka maano. Moruo o potolohang bakeng sa libeteri ha se tabatabelo-e ntse e sebetsa haholo.
Lipotso Tse Botsoang Hangata
Ke mefuta efe ea libeteri tse ka sebelisoang hape?
Hoo e ka bang mefuta eohle ea betri e ka sebelisoa hape ka botekgeniki, leha maemo a moruo a fapana. Libetri tsa asiti tse etellang pele ({1}) (likoloi) li fihlela 99% ea litefiso tsa ho sebelisoa hape ka lebaka la boleng bo holimo le lisebelisoa tsa motheo. Libetri tsa Lithium-ion, nickel{5}}cadmium, le nickel{6}}metal hydride li ntse li sebelisoa hape ha boholo bo ntse bo hola le theknoloji e ntlafala. Libetri tsa alkaline (AA, AAA, joalo-joalo) li ka sebelisoa hape, empa hangata li bitsa chelete e ngata ho feta boleng ba thepa e khutlisitsoeng, e leng ho etsang hore mananeo a pokello a se tloaelehe. Taba ea bohlokoa ke boholo le boleng ba lisebelisoa{10}libetri tse khōloanyane tse nang le lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa tšepe tse lumellang litšenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa.
Ke betri e kae e hlileng e ka fumanoang le ho sebelisoa hape?
Litefiso tsa ho hlaphoheloa li fapana ho ea ka khemistri ea betri le mokhoa oa ho tsosolosa o sebelisoang. Lithium{1}} tsa morao-rao tsa li-ion li fihletse 95-97% ea ho hlaphoheloa nickel le cobalt, 90-92% ea lithium, le 99%+ ea likaroloana tsa aluminium le koporo. Libetri tsa lead-acid li fihla ho 99% ho hlaphoheloa ka lebaka la k'hemistri e bonolo le lits'ebetso tse holileng. Libetri tsa alkaline li fumana hoo e ka bang 70% ea tšepe le zinki. Karolo e setseng e sa fumaneheng e na le lisebelisoa tsa electrolyte tse senyehang nakong ea ts'ebetso le lisebelisoa tse nyane tse arohaneng tsa polasetiki tse ke keng tsa khutlisoa moruong.
Nka isa libeteri tsaka tsa khale hokae hore li sebelisoe hape?
Ho na le likhetho tse ngata tsa pokello ho ipapisitsoe le sebaka le mofuta oa betri. Bahoebi ba ka sehloohong ba kenyeletsang Best Buy, Home Depot, Lowe's, le Staples ba boloka{1}meqomo ea mahala bakeng sa libeteri tsa lapeng. Lenaneo la Call2Recycle le sebetsa 34,000+ libaka tsa pokello ea Amerika Leboea{6}lekola call2recycle.org bakeng sa libaka. Mabenkele a likarolo tsa koloi (AutoZone, O'Reilly, Advance Auto) a amohela libeteri tsa likoloi 'me hangata a fana ka litheolelo tse nyane. Liketsahalo tsa pokello ea litšila tse kotsi tsa masepala li amohela mefuta eohle ea betri. Bakeng sa likhoebo tse nang le bongata bo boholo, litlhophiso tse tobileng le lik'hamphani tse hlabollang li sebetsa hantle haholoanyane.
Na ho tsosolosa betri ho na le phaello ea moruo?
E, ka tekanyo ea khoebo. Tšebeliso ea hona joale ea betri ea lithium-ion e hlahisa likarolo tsa 40-60% ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng. Pakete e tloaelehileng ea betri ea EV e hlahisa $1,200-$1,500 ho lisebelisoa tse khutlisitsoeng khahlano le litšenyehelo tsa ho sebetsa tsa $600-$800. Phaello e ea ntlafala ha lisebelisoa li ntse li eketseha le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji. Leha ho le joalo, -lisebelisoa tse nyane le mefuta ea betri ea boleng bo tlase (alkaline) e kanna ea se be le phaello ntle le melaoana kapa lithuso. Indasteri e fetotse ho tloha ho e tsamaellanang ho ea ho e susumetsoang ke phaello lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng ha litheko tsa thepa li ntse li eketseha le ho sebetsa hantle ho ntlafala.
Ho etsahala'ng haeba libeteri li sa sebelisoe hape?
Libetri tse lahliloeng ka tsela e fosahetseng li baka mathata a tikoloho le lisebelisoa. Lisebelisoa tse chefo tse kenyelletsang lead, mercury, le cadmium li kenella mobung le metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše ho tsoa litsing tsa mobu. EPA e hakanya hore libeteri li kenya 88% ea litšepe tse boima tse chefo ka har'a litšila tsa masepala le hoja li emela ka tlase ho 1% ea matla a litšila. Kotsi ea mollo e hlaha ha libeteri tsa lithium-ion li pshatleha ka literaka tsa lithōle kapa li petelitsoe ka har'a lithōle, e leng ho bakang mollo o ntšang mosi o chefo. Ka ntle ho tšenyo ea tikoloho, ho lahla libeteri ho senya lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa{7}}betri e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea EV e sa sebelisoang e emela $1,{9}} mehloling e lahlehileng 'me ho hloka merafo e eketsehileng le litlamorao tse amanang le tikoloho.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa
Ho tsosolosa betri ho fetola litšila tse kotsi hore e be lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahiso, ho finyella 95% + ea litekanyetso tsa ho hlaphoheloa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tse kang cobalt, nickel le lithium ka mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho sebetsa.
Litšiea tse tharo tse hokahaneng-ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa, le ts'ebetso ea moruo-li theha tsamaiso e tšoarellang ea tikoloho moo ho sebelisoa bocha ho tloha ho tse hlokahalang ho ea ho tse hlokahalang.
Mehaho ea morao-rao ea ho tsosolosa e hlahisa likarolo tsa 40-60% ka ho khutlisa thepa e ka bang $1,200- $1,500 ka pakete ea betri ea EV, e pakang katleho ea moruo maemong a khoebo.
Indasteri e boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetesisa 'me ho lebelletsoe hore e tla eketseha ho tloha ho lithane tse limilione tse 200,000 ho isa ho tse limilione tse 2.5 ka 2035, e tsamaellana le-nako ea pele ea ho tlohela betri ea EV le litaelo tse hlokang 80%+ ea litefiso tsa pokello.
Litšupiso
Setsi sa Machabeng sa Matla (IEA) - Maikutlo a Global EV 2024 - https://www.iea.org
Setsi sa Ts'ireletso ea Tikoloho sa US - Taolo ea Battery Waste - https://www.epa.gov
McKinsey & Company - "Mmaraka oa ho Hlakola Battery: Monyetla oa $95 Billion" (2024) - https://www.mckinsey.com
Patlisiso ea Gartner - Pono ea Lintho Tse Bohlokoahali 2024 - https://www.gartner.com
US Geological Survey - Likakaretso tsa Mineral Commodity 2024 - https://www.usgs.gov
MIT Climate Portal - Tlhahlobo ea Bophelo ba Battery Recycling (2024) - https://climate.mit.edu
Harvard Business Review - "The Economics of Battery Recycling" (2024) - https://hbr.org
Lefapha la Matla la US - 'Mapa oa Sebopeho sa Battery Recycling - https://www.energy.gov
Call2Recycle - Lipalopalo tsa Pokello tsa Amerika Leboea - https://www.call2recycle.org
Univesithi ea California San Diego - Lab ea Patlisiso e tsoetseng pele ea ho Recycling - https://recycling.ucsd.edu
